An off-center fed patch antenna with overlapping sub-patch for simultaneous crack and temperature sensing

This paper presents an off-center fed patch antenna for simultaneous crack and temperature sensing. The antenna sensor consists of an off-center fed underlying patch and an overlapping sub-patch. The bottom copper sheet of the sub-patch is tightly attached to the underlying radiation patch allowing the electric current to flow through the integrated patch. The off-center feeding can activate the resonant modes in both transverse and longitudinal directions. The transverse resonant frequencies of the combined patch are utilized for temperature sensing. Therefore, the crack width sensed by the longitudinal frequency shift can be adjusted, eliminating the temperature effect. In addition, this unstressed structure of the combined patch can avoid the issues of incomplete strain transfer ratio and the insufficient bonding strength of a monolithic antenna. The authors developed theoretical relationships between the antenna resonant frequencies, the temperature, and the crack width. They also developed simulations of the off-center fed patch antenna sensor as well as a series of experimental tests to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed sensor for simultaneous crack and temperature sensing.