Nitric oxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced photosynthesis and antioxidant system of tall fescue seedlings response to low-light stress

Abscisic acid (ABA) and nitric oxide (NO) are both extremely important signalling molecules employed by plants to mediate plant tolerance under abiotic stresses. In the present study, the role of NO in ABA-induced photosynthesis and antioxidant system in leaves of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) seedlings was investigated. Low-light (LL) stress increased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), as well as decreased plant height, leaf width, tiller number, biomass, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), the maximum quantum yield of photosystem photochemistry (F-v/F-m), actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Phi(PSII)), photochemical quenching (q(p)), the apparent electron transport rate (ETR), enzymatic activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK), which were substantially alleviated by exogenous ABA application. Moreover, application of these leaves with exogenous ABA resulted in reduced LL stress induced ion leakage and reduced contents of MDA, H2O2 and superoxide radicals O-2(center dot-), as well as higher activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Expression of genes coding antioxidant enzymes increased in tall fescue in the presence of ABA under LL stress. These responses could be reversed by treatment with fluridone (the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor). The application of ABA elevated NO level, enhanced nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like activity and up-regulated the tall fescue nitric oxide synthase-associated gene, NITRIC OXIDE ASSOCIATED 1 (FaNOA1) expression level. In addition, neither exogenous NO nor specific NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxy-2-pheny1)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) or NO synthase (NOS) specific inhibitor N-omega-nitro-(L)-arginine (LNNA) treatments had no effect on endogenous ABA concentration and ABA receptors transcript levels (FaPYR1 and FaPYL1), implying that the protective effect of ABA under LL stress might be mediated by NO. These results indicated that NO was involved in the ABA-mediated LL tolerance via regulating the antioxidant defense system and keeping a high level of photosynthetic rate in tall fescue.