An Improved Watermarking Scheme for Secure Data Aggregation in WSNs

Digital watermarking technology has already been used for secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. However, most of the existing watermarking technologies are irreversible, and the embedded watermark will cause some damage to the data collected by sensors. In this paper, we proposed a novel distributed reversible watermarking technology based on an improved difference expansion scheme. Due to the hierarchical clustering architecture organized according to LEACH protocol, a distributed self-organized mechanism is established within clusters for the watermark generation. The whole watermark is split into several segments and the watermark segments are assigned randomly to different sensors within a group. In addition, a pair of synchronized random sequence generators is applied on both the sensors and the sink to fresh the data.