The role genes encoding of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their ligands in susceptibility to and progression of HIV infection

NK cells are a part of the innate antiviral response. Their activity is regulated by signals from the surface receptors. Some of them, known as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), determine the quality and intensity of the immunological response, together with their ligands (HLA class I). KIR genes are very polymorphic, and this is reflected in the NK activity modulation. The stimulation of NK cells, especially in the early stages of the infection, can reduce the transmission of HIV or slow down the progression of infection. The varied KIR/HLA repertoire is a limiting factor for the risk of HIV infection and disease progression. Such diversity enables optimal regulation of NK cells and maintenance of the balance between activation to eliminate infected cells and inhibition. The control of NK cell activity via KIR3DL1/3DS1 and HLA-Bw4 (especially Bw4-80I) seems to be very important in the HIV context. With a few exceptions, it leads to a reduction of susceptibility to HIV infection and better viremia control, and slows down depletion of CD4(+) T cells. Incompatibility of sexual partners for KIRs and HLA may oblige NK cells from the exposed partner to reject incoming cells from the HIV-positive partner. The presence of the inhibitory KIR, in the absence of its ligand, results in a lower threshold of NK cell activation, which reduces the chance of infection. The presence of an inhibitory receptor with a low affinity to the ligand (KIR2DL3+HLA-C1) is associated with lower susceptibility, and the effective NK cell inhibition (KIR2DL2+HLA-C1) results in increased susceptibility to HIV infection. The advantage of activating KIRs, especially in the presence of their ligands, is associated with higher cytolytic abilities, and thus reduced risk of HIV infection. If the virus is not eliminated in an early stage of infection, massive activation of NK is unfavorable due to the excessive stimulation of the immune system.