Recent advances in electrochemical and photochemical transduction strategies for immunosensors based on electropolymerized films

Electropolymerized films have received considerable attention in the development of biosensors and biochips and are rapidly advancing. This paper reviews the recent advances and the scientific progress in the electrochemical immobilization procedures of biological macromolecules on electrodes and optical fibers via electrogenerated polymer films bearing affinity sites or photoactivable groups. The biomolecule immobilization was based on the auto-formation of avidin bridges between biotinylated films and biotinylated biomolecules. Some advances in the electrochemical transduction of immunoreactions involving, the permeability, the conductivity or the photochemical and redox properties of electropolymerized films are also presented.