Evaluating the Agricultural Carbon Shadow Price in Countries along the Belt and Road Initiative: A By-Production Process

Agriculture is considered a sector with an essential contribution to carbon emissions in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries. This paper innovatively uses the by-production process to analyze the agricultural carbon shadow price (CSP) and agricultural production performance in the BRI countries. The results show that the agricultural CSP for the countries has a decreasing trend. However, the agricultural CSP varies significantly across regions, highest in China and India and lowest in Russia and CEE countries. This study provides more detailed and comprehensive insights into sustainable agricultural development in the BRI regions. The BRI countries need to improve agricultural production efficiency to reduce carbon emissions and strengthen international cooperation in agriculture.