Mating, cross-mating and related behaviours of Neoseiulus californicus and Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The pairings of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Neoseiulus fallacis (Carman) from western North America were monitored for tending by adult males, males in the mating position and oviposition and the activity of female deutonymphs and adults. The N. fallacis x N. californicus (female x male) tests had fewer males tending the deutonymphs but more in the mating position with new females than the reciprocal test. Afterwards, most of the females appeared gravid and approximately 20% produced an egg. Some eggs did not hatch but others became adult males, which mated with their mothers, but no eggs were produced. F-1 males tended and mated with new N. fallacis females which had normal offspring. When held with new N. californicus females, F-1 males tended the deutonymphs but were not seen mating and no eggs were laid. The pairings of N. californicus x N. fallacis had more males tending, less in the mating position and the females appeared non-gravid and produced no eggs. When same-species males were added to females held with F-1 males for 15-20 days, normal levels and sexes of the progeny were produced. The female and male adults of N. fallacis were more active (ambulatory) than those of N. californicus. In within-species tests, the males had a high activity except while tending and mating, the female deutonymphs were inactive and the just mated females were more active than the ovipositing females. The timing of the tending and mating differed in the cross-pairings. Overall, these and other life-history data show that these two mites are distinct species, but that their males are promiscuous in tending and mating.