Synthesis and characterization of carbon microspheres from rubber wood by hydrothermal carbonization

BACKGROUNDCarbon is the raw material for many commercial products; conventionally their production is from non-renewable sources such as petroleum coke, pitch and coal. Recently carbon has been obtained from bioresources because of their renewability and high lignocellulosic content. This article details the synthesis of carbon microspheres from rubber wood, which is one of the largest commodity plants, via hydrothermal carbonization (hydrothermal rubber wood carbon; HTRW carbon) and evaluation of their characteristics. RESULTSTwo sets of carbon were synthesized: (i) in the first set, excess of water (20-40xweight of biomass) was used in the hydrothermal process at 180-260 degrees C for 3-9h; and (ii) in the second set, water ratio was 25-35xweight of biomass and the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) reaction temperature was fixed at 260 degrees C. The H/C and O/C ratios of starting rubber wood were approximate to 1.78 and approximate to 0.85, respectively, which upon processing through the first strategy resulted in H/C approximate to 0.78 and O/C approximate to 0.29; thereby suggesting increased condensation under HTC. On the other hand, the carbonization process was accelerated by water when the temperature was maintained at 260 degrees C; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies show that this carbon has a different chemical structure from the starting rubber wood. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that HTRW carbon was in the form of microspheres (size approximate to 1.5-5 mu m). CONCLUSIONHTRW carbon with carbon content as high as 68% was developed from rubber wood biomass by hydrothermal processing of a mixture containing 35 times more water than the solid raw biomass at a temperature of 260 degrees C for 7h. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry