Characterization ofβ-PVDF-based nanogenerators along with Fe2O3NPs for piezoelectric energy harvesting

beta-phase polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanogenerators along with various concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 wt%) of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were produced using the electrospinning technique. The characterization of the free- and doped-nanogenerators was examined by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and(57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, dielectric measurements, and piezoelectric effect analysis. All the analyses demonstrated that the structural transition in the specimens at doping ratios are above the critical concentration of 0.4% by wt. of Fe(2)O(3)NPs in PVDF, superparamagnetic behavior of the iron oxide particles in the composite. Utilization of the beta-PVDF along with Fe(2)O(3)NPs (0.4 wt%) exhibited higher piezoelectric properties with respect to the free form and the other additive concentrations. Considering the piezoelectric properties of the nanogenerator, the output voltage of the beta-PVDF in the presence of the 0.4 wt% of Fe(2)O(3)NPs reaches up to 1.39 V by increasing the peak amplitude to almost 50% while the undoped beta-PVDF nanogenerator reveals almost to 0.93 V at the same impact frequency (6-7 Hz).