Petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous Kada igneous rocks from Tethyan Himalaya: Implications for initial break-up of eastern Gondwana

Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks associated with the Kerguelen mantle plume are widespread in the Comei area with a chronology concentrated from 134 to 130Ma. However, less data for the earliest Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks cropping out in the Comei area have been reported. The earliest Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks from the Kada area comprise mafic rock (diabase) and felsic rocks (granite, dacite, and quartz monzonite). This paper presents a detailed LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb chronology with major and minor (trace) elements and Lu-Hf isotope data from Kada igneous rocks to identify the extent of the early activity of the Kerguelen mantle plume and the initial break-up of eastern Gondwanaland. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dates reveal that the age of Kada magmatic rocks range from 136.9 to 143.5Ma. Kada mafic rocks exhibit both OIB (Samples KD3 and KD06) and N-MORB (Sample KD7-1) characteristics. The N-MORB-type mafic rocks were derived from partial melting of depleted spinel lherzolite. However, the OIB-type mafic rocks were derived from partial melting (similar to 60-80km) of spinel+garnet lherzolite. Kada felsic rocks show obvious enrichment of light rare earth elements and negative Eu anomaly features. Among these, dacite and quartz monzonite rocks show flat heavy rare earth elements and clear Nb, Ta, P, and Ti negative anomalies with depleted epsilon(Hf)(t) characteristics (-11.0 to -21.0). This is indicative of partial melting of specific crustal rocks in an intraplate environment caused by underplating of coeval basaltic magmas. However, granite is characterized by high heavy rare earth element fractionation and high and dispersed epsilon(Hf) composition (-1.5 to +8.9), thus indicating that granite is derived from extensive fractional crystallization of mantle-derived melts from an AFC process. The Kada felsic rocks show A-type granitic characteristics in an extensional environment. Based on the evidence from palaeomagnetism reconstructions, Kada rocks and Bunbury basalts are both distributed in and influence the scope of the Kerguelen mantle plume. They are also coeval with the initial break-up of eastern Gondwana. We suggest that Kada magmatic rocks in southern Tibet represent the earliest activity of the Kerguelen mantle plume and that they played a role in the initial break-up of eastern Gondwana.