Feeling too old? Consequences for subjective well-being. Longitudinal findings from the German Ageing Survey

Objectives: A lack of longitudinal studies exists where the difference between chronological age and perceived age (feeling older/feeling younger) and its association with subjective well-being (SWB) is examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether these differences are associated with SWB. Method: Longitudinal data (year 2002-2017; n = 18,373 observations in the analytical sample) were taken from the nationally representative German Ageing Survey. To capture SWB comprehensively, positive and negative affect as well as life satisfaction was considered. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule was used to assess positive and negative affect. Life satisfaction was quantified using the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The difference between chronological age and perceived age was used to quantify our main independent variable. More specifically, asymmetric effects were used, i.e. we tested whether changes in negative (chronological age was lower than perceived age, "feeling older") and positive age comparisons (otherwise, "feeling younger") are associated with changes in SWB differently. Results: Fixed effects regressions showed that feeling younger was associated with a slight increase in life satisfaction (beta = .15, p < .001) and positive affect (beta = .15, p < .001). Moreover, feeling younger was associated with a slight decrease in negative affect (beta=-.07, p < .05). Feeling older was associated with a considerable decrease in life satisfaction (beta=-.65, p < .01) and positive affect (beta=-.45, p < .01), was well as a considerable increase in negative affect (beta = .49, p < .01). Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of negative age comparisons (feeling older) for SWB. Strategies to shift age perceptions may be beneficial for SWB in older individuals.