In-situ gravity retaining walls by soil mixing

Gravity retaining walls have been constructed using Deep and Shallow Soil Mixing (DSM and SSM) since 1991 in the United States. These walls, for both temporary and permanent uses, were constructed by mixing cement with in-situ soils over a volume containing 100% of the required gravity wall zone. Modern design techniques have reduced costs substantially by forming the required gravity wall section as a composite mass. Using ratios of 15-35% by volume, treatment of the ground forming the required gravity section has reduced the cost from about $40 to about $20 per square foot. Design, construction and actual performance of these gravity walls are presented.