Strategic Day-ahead Bidding for Energy Hubs with Electric Vehicles

To enhance risk management capabilities of hybrid AC/DC microgrid (MG) embedded energy hubs (EHs), a riskaverse bidding strategy is proposed for the energy hub operators (EHOs) using the flexibilities of connected electric vehicles (EVs). This strategic bidding is formulated as a two-stage stochastic optimization problem, which considers the stochastic of prices (in both day-ahead and real-time markets), photovoltaic output, ambient temperature, and driving behavior of EVs. In the first stage, the bidding is to optimize the day-ahead bids. In the second stage, after the clear of day-ahead market, the realtime operation of multi-carrier systems, including the generators, storage systems and other systems are optimized considering the stochastic of real-time prices. Based on the scenario tree, the formulated problem is reformulated to a linear programming problem, using constraint relaxations. Simulations results have verified the effectiveness of proposed method. Sensitive analysis shows that the proposed scheme can deploy EVs as transportable energy storage systems for EHs.