Effects of Stem Density and Reynolds Number on Fine Sediment Interception by Emergent Vegetation

Suspended sediment collected by vegetation in marshes and wetlands contributes to vertical accretion, which can buffer against rising sea levels. Effective capture efficiency (ECE), a parameter quantifying the fraction of incoming suspended particles directly captured by underwater vegetation surfaces, plays a key role in determining the significance of direct interception in morphodynamic models. The ways in which physical characteristics of collectors and transitionally turbulent flows affect ECE are not yet thoroughly understood. We conducted a set of 12 experiments at three flow velocities and three stem densities (plus equivalent zero-collector control experiments), plus four experiments where biofilm was allowed to accumulate. We determined that ECE decreases with increasing collector Reynolds number (study range: 66 to 200; p < 0.05 for two of three treatments) and increasing collector density (solid volume fraction: 0.22% to 1.17%; p < 0.05 for two of three treatments). Adding biofilm increased ECE in all cases, by a multiplicative factor ranging from 1.53 to 7.15 at different collector densities and biofilm growth durations. In some cases, the impact of biofilm on ECE far outweighed that of collector Reynolds number and density. By combining our data with those of one similar study, we present a preliminary model quantitatively assessing the effect of collector density on ECE.