Nitrate removal in a restored riparian groundwater system: functioning and importance of individual riparian zones

For the design and the assessment of river restoration projects, it is important to know to what extent the elimination of reactive nitrogen (N) can be improved in the riparian groundwater. We investigated the effectiveness of different riparian zones, characterized by a riparian vegetation succession, for nitrate (NO3-) removal from infiltrating river water in a restored and a still channelized section of the river Thur, Switzerland. Functional genes of denitrification (nirS and nosZ) were relatively abundant in groundwater from willow bush and mixed forest dominated zones, where oxygen concentrations remained low compared to the main channel and other riparian zones. After flood events, a substantial decline in NO3- concentration (> 50 %) was observed in the willow bush zone but not in the other riparian zones closer to the river. In addition, the characteristic enrichment of N-15 and O-18 in the residual NO3- pool (by up to 22 parts per thousand for delta N-15 and up to 12 parts per thousand for delta O-18) provides qualitative evidence that the willow bush and forest zones were sites of active denitrification and, to a lesser extent, NO3- removal by plant uptake. Particularly in the willow bush zone during a period of water table elevation after a flooding event, substantial input of organic carbon into the groundwater occurred, thereby fostering post-flood denitrification activity that reduced NO3- concentration with a rate of similar to 21 mu mol N l(-1) d(-1). Nitrogen removal in the forest zone was not sensitive to flood pulses, and overall NO3- removal rates were lower (similar to 6 mu mol l(-1) d(-1)). Hence, discharge-modulated vegetation-soil-groundwater coupling was found to be a key driver for riparian NO3- removal. We estimated that, despite higher rates in the fairly constrained willow bush hot spot, total NO3- removal from the groundwater is lower than in the extended forest area. Overall, the aquifer in the restored section was more effective and removed similar to 20% more NO3- than the channelized section.