[1] Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan
[2] Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med & Publ Hlth, Dept Healthcare Epidemiol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto, Japan
[3] Inst Hlth Outcomes & Proc Evaluat Res IHope Int, Nakagyo Ku, Kyoto, Japan
[4] Natl Cerebral & Cardiovasc Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Epidemiol Informat, Suita, Osaka, Japan
[5] Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan
[6] Fukushima Med Univ, Dept Orthoped Surg, Fukushima, Japan
[7] Fukushima Med Univ, Fukushima, Japan
[8] Natl Inst Environm Studies, Dept Environm Epidemiol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan