Role of zinc in rhizobacteria-mediated suppression of root-infecting fungi and root-knot nematode

Understanding the environmental factors that influence the rhizosphere and inner root colonization of the disease-suppressive strains of fluorescent pseudomonads is an essential step towards improving the level and reliability of their biocontrol activity. Soil amendment with Zn at 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg of soil alone or in combination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa IE-6S(+) significantly reduced nematode penetration in tomato roots. Zn applied alone did not reduce root infection caused by Macrophomina phaseolina or Fusarium solani but did reduce when used in combination with IE-6S(+) . Soil amendment with Zn at 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg of soil alone or in conjunction with IE-6S(+) markedly suppressed Rhizoctonia solani infection. Plant height, fresh weight of shoot and protein contents of the leaves substantially improved when used with Zn, however, plants growing in the soil treated with 1.6 mg/kg of Zn in the absence of IE-6S(+) not only reduced plant growth but also showed necrotic symptoms on the leaves. Zn application in the soil decreased populations of IE-6S(+) both in the rhizosphere and root. A positive correlation between bacterial rhizosphere and inner root colonization was also observed. With an increase in nematode densities in the soil, nematode penetration and subsequent galling due to Meloidogyne javanica increased. Regardless of the nematode densities, Zn applied alone or in combination with IE-6S(+) caused marked suppression of M. javanica . At all the population densities of M. javanica , Zn enhanced the efficacy of IE-6S(+) to reduce nematode invasion and subsequent gall development. IE-6S(+) caused significant suppression of soil-borne root-infecting fungi both in Zn-sufficient and Zn-deficient soil although this suppressive effect accentuated in Zn-sufficient soils. In the absence of IE-6S(+) and/or Zn, increased nematode densities in the soil significantly reduced plant height, fresh weight of shoot and protein contents of the shoots. With an increase in nematode densities, populations of IE-6S(+) in the rhizosphere and root increased regardless of the Zn application. However, Zn-deficient soils supported larger populations of IE-6S(+) compared with those of Zn-sufficient soils.