Physical, chemical, and technofunctional properties of okara modified by a carbohydrase mixture

A carbohydrase mixture (cellulase, hemicellulase, arabanase, beta-glucanase, and xylanase) was used to hydrolyze cell wall polysaccharides present in okara to increase soluble fiber and improve hydration properties. Hydrolysis was carried out at different enzyme concentrations (0.1-1.0%) and reaction temperatures (20-55 degrees C) using a central composite rotatable design. Temperature range was selected on the basis of enzyme manufacturer's recommendations. Optimal hydrolysis conditions for simultaneous maximization of soluble fiber, water absorption and holding capacity, and swelling capacity were determined, and the physical, chemical, and technofunctional characteristics of modified okara were analyzed. Hydrolysis under optimal conditions (0.8% enzyme, 46 degrees C, 3 h) increased soluble fiber content by 105%, water absorption and holding capacity by 34%, and swelling capacity by 13%. Modified okara particles were found to be more porous and fragmented than control. Treatment also altered color and chemical composition, leading to a decrease in insoluble fibers combined with an increase in soluble fibers and sugars. Oil absorption and holding capacity was enhanced by 73%, but solids stability in water and protein solubility in water were not affected. Hydrolysis proved to be an effective method for improving okara physicochemical properties for future applications, converting this residue into a potentially value-added ingredient.