Differential regulation of BK channels by fragile X mental retardation protein

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein prominently expressed in neurons. Missense mutations or complete loss of FMRP can potentially lead to fragile X syndrome, a common form of inherited intellectual disability. In addition to RNA regulation, FMRP was also proposed to modulate neuronal function by direct interaction with the large conductance Ca2+- and voltage-activated potassium channel (BK)beta(4) regulatory subunits (BK beta(4)). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying FMRP regulation of BK channels were not studied in detail. We have used electrophysiology and superresolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to characterize the effects of FMRP on pore-forming BK alpha subunits, as well as the association with regulatory subunits BK beta(4). Our data indicate that, in the absence of coexpressed beta(4), FMRP alters the steady-state properties of BK alpha channels by decreasing channel activation and deactivation rates. Analysis using the Horrigan-Aldrich model revealed alterations in the parameters associated with channel opening (L-0) and voltage sensor activation (J(0)). Interestingly, FMRP also altered the biophysical properties of BK alpha beta(4) channels favoring channel opening, although not as dramatically as BK alpha. STORM experiments revealed clustered multi-protein complexes, consistent with FMRP interacting not only to BK alpha beta(4) but also to BK alpha. Lastly, we found that a partial loss-of-function mutation in FMRP (R138Q) counteracts many of its functional effects on BK alpha and BK alpha beta(4) channels. In summary, our data show that FMRP modulates the function of both BK alpha and BK alpha beta(4) channels.