Combined assimilation of radar and lightning data for the short-term forecast of severe convection system

In this study, a lightning data assimilation (LDA) method adjusting dynamical fields was examined in the rapid cycle with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and WRF Data Assimilation (WRFDA). This method retrieves pseudo vertical velocity profiles from total lightning observations and promotes wind convergence over lightning regions. This newly developed LDA scheme is compared with radar data assimilation (RDA) that has been routinely applied in severe storm nowcasting models. Depending on whether the radar or lightning data is assimilated, four experiments were designed to evaluate the positive impacts of dynamical adjustment from LDA. Using a typical severe mesoscale convection system occurred in Beijing, we found that the effect of RDA and LDA are different. The assimilation of radar radial velocity mainly improves the forecast in a longer time, while assimilation of pseudo-vertical-velocity from lightning data mainly corrects intensity and location of the fore-casted precipitation. When both radar and lightning data are assimilated, the small-scale wind convergence are promoted and contributes to the intensified updrafts. Thermal and water vapor fields are also adjusted indirectly. Consequently, the convective precipitation is significantly improved and the positive impacts from the combined assimilation scheme persisted over a longer period (at least 3 h). It can be concluded that a combined assimi-lation of convective data from multiple sources such as radar and lightning data enhance prominently the ac-curacy of short-term convection forecasts.