Obinutuzumab in Frequently Relapsing and Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

Background B-cell depletion with rituximab induces sustained remission in children with steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. However, most patients relapse after B-cell recovery, and some patients do not achieve B-cell depletion. Obinutuzumab is a second-generation anti-CD20 antibody designed to overcome such situations in B-cell malignancies and was recently reported to be safe and effective in other autoimmune diseases affecting the kidneys. Methods We retrospectively report 41 children with steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome treated with a single low-dose infusion of obinutuzumab at Robert-Debre Hospital between April 2018 and December 2020. Participants were treated because of rituximab resistance or relapse after rituximab and received a single infusion of 300 mg/1.73 m(2) obinutuzumab with cessation of oral immunosuppressors within 2 months. Results B-cell depletion was achieved in all participants and lasted a median of 8.3 months (interquartile range, 6.4-11.1), a duration exceeding that for last rituximab treatment. At 12 and 24 months, 92% (38/41) and 68% (28/41) of patients, respectively, were in sustained remission. Mild infusion reactions occurred in five participants (12%) and neutropenia in nine (21%). No significant decrease in IgG level was reported during treatment, and whereas IgM levels decreased in 34 patients (83%), they were normal at last follow-up in 32 (78%). Conclusions These results identified low-dose obinituzumab as a promising treatment option in children with steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome, including those resistant to rituximab. The tolerance profile of obinutuzumab was similar to that of rituximab, but hemogram and immunoglobulin levels should be monitored.