Short term effects of digestate and composted digestate on soil health and crop yield: Implications for sustainable biowaste management in the bioenergy sector

Composting mitigates environmental risks associated with using solid digestate as fertilizer. However, evidence is lacking on benefits of using composted digestate as fertilizer in enhancing soil health and increasing agronomic yield compared to non-composted digestate (hereafter, digestate). A field study was conducted consisting of digestate, composted digestate, co-composted digestate with biogas feedstocks (corn [Zea mays L.] silage, poultry litter, corn silage + poultry litter or food processing by-product), inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, and control (no treatment applied) on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities (EA), soil organic carbon (SOC), bioavailable P (P), total nitrogen (TN), soil health index (SHI), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) yield. The Partial Least Square Path Model (PLS-PM) was used to predict: 1) nutrient cycling in response to changes in microbial growth and EA and 2) agronomic yield in response to SHI and soil nutrients dynamics. Composted digestate had equivalent soil health benefits with most of co-composted materials and digestate, albeit agronomic yield was greatest with composted digestate, which was 40 % and 100 % greater than with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and digestate, respectively, indicating composted digestate's potential to replace the synthetic N fertilizer. Moreover, composts from a sole digestate, rather than the ones from co-composted with fresh feedsstocks, can be promising decomposition, resulting in enhanced nutrients contents and soil health. However, the model revealed that have been more sensitive to changes in specific soil nutrients status than the overall soil health condition. We