A pilot randomized controlled trial of virtual reality delivered relaxation for chronic low back pain

Chronic lower back pain (CLBP) is a widespread health problem with lifetime incidence up to 80% in the U.S. Conventional treatments, such as surgery and pharmacotherapy have limitations in that they primarily target physical aspects of pain, and certain medications run the risk of abuse, tolerance, sedation, and possible overdose. Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) is a validated technique that is neither invasive nor with impairing side effects. The effects and reach of PMR may be enhanced using technological advances, such as virtual reality (VR), which is piloted for feasibility in the current project. This study presents a randomized controlled trial investigating the usability and efficacy of a VR-based PMR program. Participants (n = 18) were randomly assigned to the VR treatment or waitlist control group. Treatment participants completed five VR-PMR sessions. Results indicated the novel VR program was highly usable and immersive. Comparison of pre- and post-treatment measures indicated that VR participants reported significantly lower pain levels and improvements in pain-related beliefs compared to controls. Additionally, those who received VR-PMR reported significantly lower state anxiety at the conclusion of the study. Improvements in medication-related beliefs were also found post-treatment. This controlled trial provides preliminary support for a novel, immersive VR relaxation modality as a promising new adjunctive or alternative approach for CLBP management. Future studies can further validate the use of VR, specifically VR-based PMR, for management and treatment of chronic pain. With increased accessibility of consumer VR headsets, a program such as this may improve pain management outside of the medical setting.