Multitemporal greenhouse mapping for high-resolution remote sensing imagery based on an improved YOLOX

Plastic greenhouses (PGs), as safeguard agricultural facilities, have changed the cultivation structure of agri-culture, to a certain extent, and can seriously impact the environment. Exploring the temporal characteristics of greenhouses in terms of quantity and area is significant for sustainable agricultural development and environ-mental protection. Pixel or object-based large-scale greenhouse mapping has difficulty meeting the demand for the simultaneous extraction of greenhouse quantity and area. Multibranch task model can provide the number and area information of greenhouse. However, there are various labeling methods and model between different branches, which lead to the deviation between quantity and area results. This paper proposes a model that is based on improved you only look once X (YOLOX) and kullback-leibler divergence (KLD), called YOLOX and KLD plus (YXLD + ), to obtain spatiotemporally consistent greenhouse mapping. The new model still has stable performance in dense scenes, with a 5.7 % improvement in average precision compared to BBAVectors. Finally, a multitemporal greenhouse map of Zhoukou City was obtained using imagery provided by Google Earth (GE). Overall, the distribution of greenhouses in Zhoukou City remained stable between 2012 and 2017. However, the number and area of greenhouses in local areas has increased rapidly in the past five years, with the number of greenhouses increasing by 47.08 % and the area expanding by 41.38 %. Greenhouses' distribution and changing characteristics concentrate on the gently sloping areas from the northwest to the southeast. These results provide an objective perspective on the development of the local agricultural cultivation structure, which is of significant importance for the promotion of agricultural modemization.