IL-37 alleviates TNF-α-induced pyroptosis of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by inhibiting the NF-κB/GSDMD signaling pathway

Objective: Pyroptosis is crucial to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by inducing and aggravating inflammation. TNF-a is abundant in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of RA (RA-FLSs) and plays a key role in pyroptosis by inducing nuclear factor (NF)-?B activation. Additionally, interleukin (IL)-37 is involved in autoimmune diseases as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and innate and acquired immune response inhibitor. However, the effect of IL-37 on pyroptosis in RA-FLSs remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects and mechanism of IL-37 on RA-FLS pyroptosis induced by TNF-a.Methods: In this study, the serum cytokines in patients with RA and healthy controls were detected using ELISA. The RA-FLSs were then cultured with TNF-a, with or without various IL-37 concentrations, to test the cytokine levels in the cell supernatant. 5-Ethynyl-2MODIFIER LETTER PRIME-Deoxyuridine (EdU) assay assessed the effects of IL-37 on RA FLS proliferation. RA-FLS apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) measurement. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine cell pyroptosis. We selected the optimal concentration for the following experiments and detected the signal pathway of IL-37 on pyroptosis of RA FLSs by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Finally, we validated the therapeutic effects of IL-37 on CIA rat model in vivo.Results: IL-37 inhibited inflammation in vitro and in vivo and reduced pyroptosis-related protein expression in RA FLSs. Furthermore, we determined that nuclear factor ?B (NF-?B) signaling is required for GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in RA FLSs.Conclusion: IL-37 alleviates TNF-a-induced pyroptosis of RA FLSs by inhibiting NF-?B/GSDMD signaling. Addi-tionally, our data revealed a novel mechanism for IL-37 in RA FLSs, suggesting a new potential therapy for IL-37 to treat RA.