Bidirectional extracellular electron transfer pathways of Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms: Molecular insights into extracellular polymeric substances

The basis for bioelectrochemical technology is the capability of electroactive bacteria (EAB) to perform bidi-rectional extracellular electron transfer (EET) with electrodes, i.e. outward-and inward-EET. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) surrounding EAB are the necessary media for EET, but the biochemical and molecular analysis of EPS of Geobacter biofilms on electrode surface is largely lacked. This study constructed Geobacter sulfurreducens-biofilms performing bidirectional EET to explore the bidirectional EET mechanisms through EPS characterization using electrochemical, spectroscopic fingerprinting and proteomic techniques. Results showed that the inward-EET required extracellular redox proteins with lower formal potentials relative to outward-EET. Comparing to the EPS extracted from anodic biofilm (A-EPS), the EPS extracted from cathodic biofilm (C-EPS) exhibited a lower redox activity, mainly due to a decrease of protein/polysaccharide ratio and alpha-helix content of proteins. Furthermore, less cytochromes and more tyrosine-and tryptophan-protein like substances were detected in C-EPS than in A-EPS, indicating a diminished role of cytochromes and a possible role of other redox proteins in inward-EET. Proteomic analysis identified a variety of redox proteins including cy-tochrome, iron-sulfur clusters-containing protein, flavoprotein and hydrogenase in EPS, which might serve as an extracellular redox network for bidirectional EET. Those redox proteins that were significantly stimulated in A-EPS and C-EPS might be essential for outward-and inward-EET and warranted further research. This work sheds light on the mechanism of bidirectional EET of G. sulfurreducens biofilms and has implications in improving the performance of bioelectrochemical technology.