Optimization-Driven Machine Learning Approach for the Prediction of Hydrochar Properties from Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an essential element of present-day society. The proper storage and disposal of solid waste is critical to public health, safety, and environmental performance. The direct recovery of MSW into useful energy is a critical task. In addition, the demand for conventional power supplies is high. As a strategy to solve these two problems, the technology to directly convert municipal solid waste into conventional energy to replace fossil fuels has been obtained. The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process is a thermochemical conversion process that utilizes heat to convert wet biomass feedstocks into hydrochar. Hydrochar with premium gasoline properties is used for fuel combustion for strength. The properties of fuel hydrochar, including C char (carbon content), HHV (higher heating value), and yield, are mainly based on the properties of the MSW. This study aimed to predict the properties of fuel hydrochar using a machine learning (ML) model. We employed an ensemble support vector machine (E-SVM) as the classifier, which was combined with the slime mode algorithm (SMA) for optimization and developed based on 281 data points. The model was primarily trained and tested on a fusion of three datasets: sewage sludge, leftovers, and cow dung. The proposed ESVM_SMA model achieved an excellent overall performance with an average R-2 of 0.94 and RMSE of 2.62.