Vitamin D deficiency enhances vascular oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiotensin II levels in the microcirculation of diabetic patients

Low vitamin D (vitD) levels have been reported to be a risk factor for diabetes-related cardiovascular compli-cations. This study examined the effects of vitD deficiency on oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and levels of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II (Ang II) in the microvascular tissue of type 2 diabetic patients. Patients were categorized into (i) vitD non-deficient diabetics (DNP, n = 10) and (ii) vitD-deficient diabetics (DDP, n = 10), based on their serum 25(OH)D levels. Subcutaneous fat tissues with intact blood vessels were collected during lower limb surgical procedures. The blood vessel were isolated; measurements of the antioxidant enzyme su-peroxide dismutase (SOD) activity, OS marker malondialdehyde (MDA), Ang II, and the inflammatory marker, TNF-& alpha; of the microvascular tissues were determined. Elevated MDA levels and reduced SOD activity, with higher levels of TNF-& alpha; and Ang II were observed in the microvascular tissues of DDP compared to DNP. VitD deficiency did not associate with glycemic parameters (fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin) levels. In conclu-sion, vitD deficiency was correlated with higher microvascular tissue OS, inflammation, and Ang II levels in type 2 diabetic patients. This may contribute to early vasculopathy that occurs in diabetic patients, thus, may contribute to the planning of therapeutic strategies to delay or prevent cardiovascular complications.