Highly sensitive paper-based immunoassay: Combining nanomaterials modified cellulose with covalent and oriented immobilization of antibody

Among the analytical tools, paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have become a leading alternative for point-of care testing (POCT). In this study, PADs were fabricated using an office laser printer. Then, the paper zone was modified with graphene oxide (GO) and pyrene derivatives, which provide a sufficient amount of carboxylic groups for conjugating antibodies. At an optimal pH, antibodies were covalently bound onto carboxylated cellulose surface in an oriented manner through a two-step strategy: electrostatic adsorption was followed by EDC/ NHS coupling. alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a detection model, we compared with cellulose powder modified and unmodified paper zone. The results showed the color intensity and color uniformity on GO modified paper was improved. The activity of immobilized antibodies on GO/1-pyrenebutyric acid (GO/PBA) modified was three times higher than that of GO modified and about 1.8-fold higher than that of GO/1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (GO/ PCA) modified. The GO/PBA modified paper-based immunoassay has enhanced sensitivity and low detection limit. A linear correlation between color intensity and concentration of AFP in the range of 0.01 similar to 16.5 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 9.0 pg mL-1 were achieved, respectively. The obtained results point towards rapid, sensitive, and specific early diagnosis of liver cancer at the point of care and other low-resource settings.