Presenilin and Alzheimer's disease interactions with aging, exercise and high-fat diet: A systematic review

Presenilin (Psn) protein is associated with organismal aging. Mutations in the Psn gene may lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and many age-dependent degenerative diseases. These diseases seriously affect the quality of life and longevity of the population and place a huge burden on health care and economic systems around the world. Humans have two types of Psn, presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and presenilin-2 (PSEN2). Mutations in the genes encoding PSEN1, PSEN2, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) have been identified as the major genetic causes of AD. Psn is a complex gene strongly influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The effects of exercise, training, and a high-fat diet on the Psn gene expressed in the heart and its related pathways are not fully understood. Fortunately, relevant aspects of the mutational effects on Psn can be studied experimentally in easily handled animal models, including Drosophila, mice, and other animals, all of which share orthologous genes of Psn with humans. Many previous studies have linked aging, exercise training, and a high-fat diet to the Psn gene. This review discusses the interrelationship between aging, exercise training, and a high-fat diet on the Psn gene and its associated disease, AD. The aim is to understand the adverse effects of Psn gene mutations on the body and the diseases caused by AD, find ways to alleviate the adverse effects and provide new directions for the improvement of treatment strategies for diseases caused by Psn gene mutations.