An analysis of the impacts of land use change on the components of the water balance in the Central Rift Valley sub-basins in Ethiopia

Water resources are influenced by changes in land use and land cover (LULC), such as industrialization, urbanization, forestry, and agriculture. This study has aimed to analyze past and predicted LULC dynamics and their impacts on the components of the water balance in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) sub-basins in Ethiopia. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Land Change Modeler (LCM) were employed to evaluate the impacts of past and future LULC dynamics in the Ketar, Meki and Shalla sub-basins. The SWAT models were calibrated with flow data from 1990 to 2001 and were validated with flows from 2004 to 2010, using SWAT-CUP in the SUFI-2 algorithm. LCM with Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network method for land transition scenario analysis and a Markov Chain method for predictions, as well as SWAT models with fixing-changing methods for simulations, were used to evaluate the condition of hydrological processes under the influence of changes in LULC. The analyses resulted in an annual runoff variation from - 20.2 to 32.3%, water yield from - 10.9 to 13.3%, and evapotranspiration from - 4.4 to 14.4% in the sub-basins, due to changes in LULC. Integrated land use planning is recommended for the management of water resources.