Detailed review on multiple sources off grid charging station of electric vehicles centred on converters

Electric vehicle (EV) off-grid (standalone mode) and hybrid (compatible with both stand-alone systems and grid-connected systems) charging stations have seen a rise in research attention in recent years. In order to expand EV adoption globally, the key motivation is to offer a smooth charging station. This paper examines the cutting-edge off-board designs for charging stations based on various resources such as wind, solar, fuel cell etc. Electric vehicle charging stations (EV-CS) comprise AC-DC controllers and DC-DC controllers which are classified into two groups depending on standard and artificial intelligence (AI) technology. The paper illustrates the challenges confronting each type of controller in the EV charging station (EVCS) and demonstrates the researchers' continuing attempts to improve the processes in a variety of areas. The in-depth study of the various converters, their architecture, and controllers can be used for enhancement in the EV-CS.