The Rising Threat of Atmospheric CO2: A Review on the Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies
被引:107
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作者:
Nunes, Leonel J. R.
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机构:
Inst Politecn Viana Castelo, Unidade Invest Mat Energia & Ambiente Sustentabili, proMetheus, Rua Escola Ind & Comercial NunAlvares, P-4900347 Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
Univ Aveiro, Dept Econ Gestao Engn Ind & Turismo, DEGEIT, Campus Univ Santiago, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal
Univ Aveiro, Unidade Invest Governanca Competitividade & Polit, GOVCOPP, Campus Univ Santago, P-3810193 Aveiro, PortugalInst Politecn Viana Castelo, Unidade Invest Mat Energia & Ambiente Sustentabili, proMetheus, Rua Escola Ind & Comercial NunAlvares, P-4900347 Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
Nunes, Leonel J. R.
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机构:
[1] Inst Politecn Viana Castelo, Unidade Invest Mat Energia & Ambiente Sustentabili, proMetheus, Rua Escola Ind & Comercial NunAlvares, P-4900347 Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
[2] Univ Aveiro, Dept Econ Gestao Engn Ind & Turismo, DEGEIT, Campus Univ Santiago, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal
climate change;
CO2;
emissions;
greenhouse gases;
mitigation;
carbon capture and storage;
GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS;
GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE;
CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS;
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;
FOSSIL-FUEL;
ICE-AGE;
POPULATION-GROWTH;
CHANGE AGREEMENT;
PARIS AGREEMENT;
TRADE-OFFS;
D O I:
10.3390/environments10040066
中图分类号:
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号:
08 ;
0830 ;
摘要:
The increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have become a major environmental challenge due to their contribution to global warming. The primary drivers of the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations are the combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, agricultural practices, or the production of cement, which play a significant role in the increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. However, efforts are being made to mitigate the negative effects of CO2 emissions, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that aim to capture CO2 from industrial processes and store it in underground geological formations. Methane, another potent greenhouse gas, is another major contributor to climate change and is mainly produced by agricultural activities such as livestock farming and rice cultivation. To address this, sustainable agricultural practices, such as reducing meat consumption and adopting climate-smart farming techniques, are crucial. Ultimately, a sustainable future can be secured for the planet and future generations by implementing effective measures, such as the use of sustainable energy sources, improvements in energy efficiency, responsible land use practices, and reducing the emissions of both CO2 and methane.
机构:
Spanish Natl Res Council, Inst Pirena Ecol, Zaragoza, SpainSpanish Natl Res Council, Inst Pirena Ecol, Zaragoza, Spain
Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.
Miralles, Diego G.
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机构:
Univ Ghent, Hydroclimate Extremes Lab H CEL, Ghent, BelgiumSpanish Natl Res Council, Inst Pirena Ecol, Zaragoza, Spain
Miralles, Diego G.
McDowell, Nate
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机构:
Atmospher Sci & Global Change Div, Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA
Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, POB 644236, Pullman, WA 99164 USASpanish Natl Res Council, Inst Pirena Ecol, Zaragoza, Spain
McDowell, Nate
Brodribb, Tim
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机构:
Univ Tasmania, Sch Biol Sci, Hobart, Tas, AustraliaSpanish Natl Res Council, Inst Pirena Ecol, Zaragoza, Spain
Brodribb, Tim
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h-index:
机构:
Dominguez-Castro, Fernando
Leung, Ruby
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机构:
Atmospher Sci & Global Change Div, Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USASpanish Natl Res Council, Inst Pirena Ecol, Zaragoza, Spain
Leung, Ruby
Koppa, Akash
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机构:
Univ Ghent, Hydroclimate Extremes Lab H CEL, Ghent, BelgiumSpanish Natl Res Council, Inst Pirena Ecol, Zaragoza, Spain