A review on recent contributions in the progress of membrane capacitive deionization for desalination and wastewater treatment

The increasing scarcity of fresh water due to rapid population growth and the establishment of new industries every single day has motivated researchers to use efficient technologies for the removal of dissolved salts from water. Various methods of salt removal and wastewater treatment have been established in last decades; however, membrane capacitive deionization has gained much attention due to its low energy consumption and low process costs in water treatment applications. The progress of membrane capacitive deionization for desalination and water treatments is systematically presented in this review. This review includes significant input on the membrane capacitive deionization progress, the current status of membrane capacitive deionization in the removal of salts and different pollutants, and a comparative discussion on various membranes and electrodes used in membrane capacitive deionization reported so far. It also highlights a summary and future scope in the area of membrane capacitive deionization. Based on the literature available and a review of the membrane capacitive deionization process, it could be a more effective and promising process for desalination and water purification.