The process of Transformative Learning in Dialog Cafe with Health Professionals and Citizens/Patients

Introduction:Dialogue Cafe, which is an inclusive process that provides a platform for the exchange of ideas or perspectives on certain issues, is a suitable approach to facilitating mutual understanding between health professionals and citizens/patients. However, little is known about the effects of the Dialogue Cafe on participants in the context of health communication. Previous studies suggest that transformative learning occurs after dialogue. Objectives:This study aimed to clarify the process of the transformative learning process among participants of the Dialog Cafe and to evaluate whether their transformative learning would lead to an understanding of others' perspectives. Methods:We conducted a psychometric analysis of a web-based questionnaire consisting of 72 items for participants of Dialog Cafe held from 2011 to 2013 in Tokyo and studied the relationships between various concepts using structural equation modeling (SEM). To evaluate the validity and reliability of concept measurement, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Results:The questionnaire response rate was 39.5% (141/357), of which 80 (56.7%) respondents were health professionals and 61 (43.3%) respondents were citizens/patients. The SEM analysis revealed that transformative learning occurred in both groups. The process of transformative learning consisted of 2 types; one process leading directly to "perspective transformation" and the other leading to "perspective transformation" via "critical self-reflection" and "disorienting dilemmas." "Perspective transformation" was related to "understanding others" in both groups. Among health professionals, "perspective transformation" was related to "transformation of awareness toward patients/users." Conclusion:Dialog Cafe can facilitate the process of transformative learning among participants, and transformative learning may lead to mutual understanding between health professionals and citizens/patients.