Paths of Carbon Sequestration in Land Use (Literature Review)

-This review is devoted to a modern environmental problem: reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. A significant proportion of carbon is known to be deposited in the soil cover. Measures are being discussed in many countries to promote carbon sequestration depending on land use, because soils and forests, along with oceans, are the main stores of CO2. Different land use issues (virgin, arable, and pasture and forest lands) are covered in connection with the problem of GHG emissions. Data on land cultivation (no-till, standard with and without plant residues, using biochar, and microalgae) are given. A comparative analysis using biomarkers on a pasture with mixed herbage, arable land with rapeseed, and soil under willow have been considered in order to determine microorganisms assimilating carbon from the rhizosphere deposits of various plants. Some sources prove that hydrolysable lipids constitute a high share of the soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in forests, in contrast to phenols of lignin. The former substances are actively accumulated with a decrease in soil pH and increases in reactive iron, aluminum, and lignin oxidation. SOC is higher in silt and clay fractions when compared with sandy ones due to absorbance in aggregates. Hence, it was proposed to use the finely dispersed mineral fraction as a key element to determine carbon stabilization in most soils. Carbonates play an important role in carbon sequestration, accounting for approximately 40% of carbon stored in the world's soils. They are the main component of carbon storage in arid regions. Attention to a radical improvement of pastures is given: full inversion tillage (FIT). The methodical issues to detect SOC by the remote distance (RD) technique are given. Reflected shortwave radiation in the top of atmosphere (TOA) practice has shown great potential for climate mitigation through the cultivation of a cover crop with high albedo and a lack of chlorophyll.