Wave and storm surge evolutions in the Pearl River Estuary with large-scale land reclamation impacts

Globally, many estuarine areas are suffering from large-scale land reclamations to fulfill the land demands of city expansion. Understanding the wave and storm surge evolutions in response to human reclamations in estuaries is of vital importance regarding estuarine management (e.g., reclamation plan formulation, flood mitigation). The wave and storm characteristics, and their responses to 1990-2020 land reclamations in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) were investigated by a storm surge model. Besides, the impacts of increasing typhoon intensity (TI) on the changes of waves and storm surges caused by reclamations were also illustrated under the background of global warming. Simulated results show that reclamations cause apparent variations of wave height and storm surge fields in the PRE. The wave height and surge height also increase with the enhancement of TI, consequently influencing the wave height and surge height change rates caused by reclamations. Furthermore, the combined actions of land reclamation and increased TI conduct the most remarkable effects and bring the highest surge height compared with other scenarios. Particularly, the maximum wave height and surge height can reach 0.88-2.31 m and 2.71-3.77 m along the seawalls of Zhuhai, respectively, indicating more enormous seawall submersion and inland flooding.