Effects of ultrasound pretreatment assisted drying methods on drying characteristics, physical and bioactive properties of windfall apples

BACKGROUND Drying is one of the most important post-harvest processes in order to ensure that the products harvested in certain periods are consumed throughout the year. In this study, Golden Delicious, Oregon Spur and Granny Smith apple cultivars (fallen apples) were dried in open-sun, a controlled glasshouse, microwave oven (200 W), hybrid system (100 W + 60 degrees C), convective greenhouse (70 degrees C) and freeze-dryer (-55 degrees C) with and without ultrasound pretreatments. RESULTS Present findings revealed that the longest drying duration was observed in freeze-drying and the shortest in microwave drying. The greatest color change (Delta E) was observed in ultrasound pretreated Oregon Spur apples dried in a controlled glasshouse. The greatest total phenolics (40.08 mg GAE g(-1)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) inhibition activity (46.96%), FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma) antioxidant activity (68.01 mu g Trolox g(-1)) and ascorbic acid content (1.52 mg AAE g(-1)) were observed in open sun-dried Granny Smith apples without ultrasound pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Generally, microwave and hybrid drying yielded better outcomes for bioactive, HMF (5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural) and drying characteristics of windfall apples. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.