Low-velocity impact behavior in multi-layered structures and hybrid composites via sandwich stacking techniques

The study aimed to investigate the impact behavior of fabric laminates composed of carbon, Kevlar, and hybrid materials through low-velocity impact tests. Non-hybrid and hybrid laminates were created using layup techniques with sandwich stacking sequences. Drop weight impact tests were conducted using varying levels of impact energy to assess the influence of stacking sequence and hybridization on impact properties. The results showed significant improvements in impact properties with increasing stacking sequence, particularly a 108.8% and 137.4% enhancement in C4 and K4 laminates, respectively. Kevlar laminates exhibited higher energy resistance than carbon laminates, and the Kevlar-carbon-Kevlar-carbon hybrid laminate demonstrated superior impact force and energy absorption capabilities. Additionally, the study analyzed penetration depth and identified different failure modes dependent on stacking sequence and impact energy levels. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fabric laminated composites. Thus, the research could be implemented in industries requiring materials with enhanced impact resistance, such as aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and protective gear manufacturing.