Natural deep eutectic solvents for turbidity removal from synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater

Contamination of water resources by active pharmaceutical ingredient wastes is among major environmental concerns. To prevent major disruptions of aquatic life, an efficient and environmentally -friendly turbidity removal procedure of common contaminants such as paracetamol should be established. In this study, several natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were screened to reduce the turbidity of simulated water contaminated with paracetamol below the standard turbidity limit recommended by the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (50 NTU). The optimal operating parameters (NADES dosage, stirring time and operating pH) were determined. Under optimized conditions, stearic acid -based NADES achieved the highest turbidity removal of 97.5 %. High coagulation performances were investigated based on molecular interaction using COSMO -RS (COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents) sigma-profile and sigma-potential (histogram of charge density distribution over molecular surface) and showed high affinity between the NADES compounds and paracetamol. Thus, NADESs are promising candidates for turbidity removal of paracetamol from water and are viable in further investigations for effluent treatment applications.