Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation Outcome Prediction Using Machine Learning Methods

Objective: To investigate the performance of machine learning (ML) methods for pre-dicting outcomes from inpatient rehabilitation for subjects with TBI using a dataset with a large number of predictor variables. Our second objective was to identify top predictive features selected by the ML models for each outcome and to validate the interpretability of the models.Design: Secondary analysis using computational modeling of relationships between patients, injury and treatment activities and 6 outcomes, applied to the large multi-site, prospective, lon-gitudinal observational dataset collected during the traumatic brain injury inpatient rehabilita-tion study.Setting: Acute inpatient rehabilitation.Participants: 1946 patients aged 14 years or older, who sustained a severe, moderate, or compli-cated mild TBI, and were admitted to 1 of 9 US inpatient rehabilitation sites between 2008 and 2011 (N=1946).Main Outcome Measures: Rehabilitation length of stay, discharge to home, FIM cognitive and FIM motor at discharge and at 9-months post discharge.Results: Advanced ML models, specifically gradient boosting tree model, performed consistently better than all other models, including classical linear regression models. Top ranked predictive features were identified for each of the 6 outcome variables. Level of effort, days to rehabilitation admission, age at rehabilitation admission, and advanced mobility activities were the most frequently top ranked predictive features. The highest-ranking predictive feature differed across the specific outcome variable.Conclusions: Identifying patient, injury, and rehabilitation treatment variables that are predic-tive of better outcomes will contribute to cost-effective care delivery and guide evidence-based clinical practice. ML methods can contribute to these efforts.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).