Socioecological Assessment of Mammal Assemblages in Small Oil-Palm Plantations in a Highly Deforested Region in Mexico

Background and Research Aims: A great challenge in tropical-forest regions, is to build socioecosystems that ensure both biodiversity conservation and people's wellbeing. Oil-palm plantations are profitable, but they can have negative impacts on biodiversity. Most information on the impacts of this crop comes from large plantations. However, in some regions, small plantations predominate and lessons derived from the large-estate context may not be applicable. Here, we carried out a socioecological assessment of mammals in small oil-palm plantations in a highly deforested region in Mexico, with the aim of guiding conservation efforts. Methods: We sampled mammals > 0.5 kg in 11 small plantations (<60 ha) with camera traps for 1 year. We assessed the effects of two landscape variables (forest cover, distance to forest) and two plantation variables (area, age). We also interviewed farmers to learn about the presence of mammals in their plantations, and their perceived benefits and/or costs associated to those mammals. Results: We photo-captured 20 species and farmers reported 4 more during interviews. Mammal diversity was negatively related to the plantation's distance from forest; assemblage composition was associated to all variables except plantation area. The benefits that farmers associated with mammals were mostly utilitarian (e.g., bush meat). Costs perceived as serious were related to the loss of domestic animals and other crops. Conclusion: In a highly deforested region in Mexico, oil-palm plantations can be temporal habitat for some mammal species. By combining ecological and social dimensions we can improve our understanding of the factors that facilitate or hinder the conservation of mammals in agricultural landscapes. Implications for Conservation: We identified two key actions necessary for the long-term conservation of mammals in the study region: (i) protecting secondary forest fragments; (ii) regulating hunting. Involving farmers in the co-design of participatory conservation plans is necessary to ensure long-term success.