Geometric learning and statistical modeling for surgical outcomes evaluation in craniosynostosis using 3D photogrammetry

Background and objective: Accurate and repeatable detection of craniofacial landmarks is crucial for au-tomated quantitative evaluation of head development anomalies. Since traditional imaging modalities are discouraged in pediatric patients, 3D photogrammetry has emerged as a popular and safe imaging alter-native to evaluate craniofacial anomalies. However, traditional image analysis methods are not designed to operate on unstructured image data representations such as 3D photogrammetry.Methods: We present a fully automated pipeline to identify craniofacial landmarks in real time, and we use it to assess the head shape of patients with craniosynostosis using 3D photogrammetry. To detect craniofacial landmarks, we propose a novel geometric convolutional neural network based on Chebyshev polynomials to exploit the point connectivity information in 3D photogrammetry and quantify multi -resolution spatial features. We propose a landmark-specific trainable scheme that aggregates the multi -resolution geometric and texture features quantified at every vertex of a 3D photogram. Then, we embed a new probabilistic distance regressor module that leverages the integrated features at every point to predict landmark locations without assuming correspondences with specific vertices in the original 3D photogram. Finally, we use the detected landmarks to segment the calvaria from the 3D photograms of children with craniosynostosis, and we derive a new statistical index of head shape anomaly to quantify head shape improvements after surgical treatment.Results: We achieved an average error of 2.74 & PLUSMN; 2.70 mm identifying Bookstein Type I craniofacial land-marks, which is a significant improvement compared to other state-of-the-art methods. Our experiments also demonstrated a high robustness to spatial resolution variability in the 3D photograms. Finally, our head shape anomaly index quantified a significant reduction of head shape anomalies as a consequence of surgical treatment.Conclusion: Our fully automated framework provides real-time craniofacial landmark detection from 3D photogrammetry with state-of-the-art accuracy. In addition, our new head shape anomaly index can quantify significant head phenotype changes and can be used to quantitatively evaluate surgical treat-ment in patients with craniosynostosis.& COPY; 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V.