Techno-economic study of Power-to-Power renewable energy storage based on the smart integration of battery, hydrogen, and micro gas turbine technologies

This paper deals with the integration of a Power-to-Power Energy Storage System (P2P-ESS) based on a hydrogen driven micro gas turbine (mGT) for an off-grid application with a continuous demand of 30 kWe for three Eu-ropean cities: Palermo, Frankfurt, and Newcastle. In the first part of the analysis, the results show that the latitude of the location is a very strong driver in determining the size of the system (hence footprint) and the amount of seasonal storage. The rated capacity of the PV plant and electrolyzer are 37%/41% and 58%/64% higher in Frankfurt and Newcastle, respectively, as compared to the original design for Palermo. And not only this, but seasonal storage also increases largely from 3125 kg H2 to 5023 and 5920 kg H2. As a consequence of this, LCOE takes values of 0.86 euro/kWh, 1.26 euro/kWh, and 1.5 euro/kWh for the three cities, respectively, whilst round-trip efficiency is approximately 15.7% for the three designs at the 3 cities. Finally, with the aim to reduce the footprint and rating of the different systems, a final assessment of the system hybridised with battery storage shows a 20% LCOE reduction and a 10% higher round-trip efficiency.