Determinants of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure based on the hopelessness theory of depression

Aims Depressive symptoms are common in patients with heart failure (HF) and are associated with adverse outcomes in this group. This study examined depressive symptoms and associated determinants in patients with HF based on the hopelessness theory of depression. Methods and results In this cross-sectional study, a total of 282 patients with HF were recruited from 3 cardiovascular units of a university hospital. Symptom burden, optimism, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (MCERSs), hopelessness, and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. A path analysis model was established to evaluate the direct and indirect effects. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 13.8% in the patients. Symptom burden had the greatest direct effect on depressive symptoms (& beta; = 0.406; P < 0.001), optimism affected depressive symptoms both directly and indirectly with hopelessness as the mediator (direct: & beta; = -0.360; P = 0.001; indirect: & beta; = -0.169; P < 0.001), and MCERSs only had an indirect effect on depressive symptoms with hopelessness as the mediator (& beta; = 0.035; P < 0.001). Conclusion In patients with HF, symptom burden, decreased optimism, and hopelessness contribute to depressive symptoms directly. What is more, decreased optimism and MCERS lead to depressive symptoms indirectly via hopelessness. Accordingly, interventions aimed at decreasing symptom burden, enhancing optimism, and reducing the use of MCERSs, while declining hopelessness, may be conducive to relieving depressive symptoms in patients with HF.