MODERN METHODOLOGY OF THE SAMPLE PREPARATION IN PESTICIDES RESIDUES DETERMINATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL BODIES, BIOLOGICAL MATRICES, AND FOOD

An overview of modern methods for samples preparation of environmental bodies (water, soil), biological matrices (urine, hair, blood, animal tissues), food and plant and animal food raw materials for various classes of pesticides residues determination is presented. Differences in the physicochemical properties of the pesticide preparations active substances complicate their simultaneous extraction from the analyzed objects and determination. Sample preparation for the determination of pesticides includes homogenization (in the case of solid and heterogeneous samples), extraction of analytes and purification of the extract. In some cases, it is necessary to add water or, conversely, dehydration. In determination of pesticides trace amounts in water, biological fluids and animal products, additional concentration of extracts may be required. Classical liquid extraction, historically one of the first methods for pesticide extraction, has a variety of disadvantages: labor intensity and duration, high values and high toxicity of most organic solvents. Ionic liquids, deep eutectic and supramolecular solvents are safer and at the same time quite effective. For the purification of extracts, QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) first presented in 2002 in Rome at the European Seminar on Pesticide Residues, is most often used, as well as its modern modifications. Besides that, dispersive solid-phase and dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction are successfully used. The combination of dispersive solid-phase and liquid-liquid microextraction is the most perspective and meets the requirements of the "green chemistry" concept as much as possible.