Saudi Arabia and the International Refugee Regime

As a non-signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, Saudi Arabia is often portrayed as a State that refuses engagement with the global legal norms and supporting institutions focused on the protection of refugees. This article contends that this is not the case, and closely examines Saudi Arabia's relationship with the international refugee regime by asking what was Saudi Arabia's role in the drafting of the main refugee protection instruments, and what is its approach - past and present - to acceding to the 1951 Convention? How does Saudi Arabia engage with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - on the global plane but also through UNHCR's activities in the country?Drawing on hitherto unresearched material from the UNHCR archives pertaining to the years 1962-94, as well as interviews with key government and UNHCR actors, this article argues that Saudi Arabia engages substantively with the international refugee regime. It discusses how Saudi Arabia participated in the drafting processes of the main refugee protection instruments and shows that accession to the 1951 Convention appears to have been seriously considered at certain junctures.The article also explores Saudi Arabia's relationship with UNHCR. In addition to focusing on Saudi Arabia's role in the UNHCR Executive Committee, it looks more closely at UNHCR's activities in the country, identifying three phases of UNHCR involvement - establishment (1987-97), expansion (1998-2005), and consolidation (2005-). It finds that UNHCR's approach to Saudi Arabia is characterized by pragmatism rather than by principle, and that Saudi Arabia has been able to influence the way UNHCR implements its mandate in the country, as well as beyond. Importantly, Saudi Arabia is a gatekeeper for UNHCR operations in the Gulf region and in Muslim-majority countries more generally. Similarly, UNHCR is an important vessel for Saudi Arabian humanitarianism.