Simulation of the soil water-carrying capacity of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations in the Alxa Desert, China: Implications for afforestation

In recent years, China has achieved remarkable results in curbing desertification through afforestation. However, the dry soil layer resulting from the long-term water consumption of overloaded perennial plants seriously threatens the sustainability of afforestation, and quantifying the maximum vegetation carrying capacity under certain soil moisture conditions is crucial to the sustainability of afforestation in arid areas. Therefore, we aimed to simulate soil water in Haloxylon ammodendron plantations at different growth stages using the simultaneous heat and water transfer (SHAW) model to determine the vegetation carrying capacity threshold. Field-measured soil and vegetation data for 2021 were used to calibrate the SHAW model. Good consistency in soil water content (SWC) was observed between measurements and simulations in the calibration and validation phases of the model, with considerable linear correlation and low prediction error values. Therefore, the soil water dynamics of H. ammodendron plantations in the study area could be accurately predicted using the SHAW model. The simulation results show that, with increasing forest age, the SWC at 0-400 cm gradually decreases and a dry soil layer starts to form when the forest age reaches 11 years. The dry layer thickness reaches 120 cm by 22 years, thus the optimal growth age of artificial H. ammodendron plantations in the study area should not exceed 22 years, and the maximum biomass soil water carrying capacity of vegetation is 1,650 kg/hm2. A vegetation carrying capacity threshold can be determined in this study for the sustainable management of future affores-tation activities.