Microstructural investigation of the unsaturated hydraulic properties of hydrochar-amended soils

Hydrochar is an urban soil amender that supports plant growth on slopes. It is a biomass-derived carbon-rich material produced by the hydrothermal carbonation process; thus, it has a different pore structure from biochar produced by pyrolysis. The effects of hydrochar on the hydraulic properties of unsaturated compacted soils and the underlying pore-level soil-hydrochar interaction mechanisms are unclear. In this study, silty-clay sand was amended by grass-derived hydrochars produced at two hydrothermal carbonisation temperatures (180 and 240 degrees C, denoted as H-180 and H-240, respectively) with different mass proportions (fH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f}_{{\text{H}}}$$\end{document}). The pore and throat size distributions, water retention curves (WRCs) and hydraulic conductivity functions (HCFs) of the soils with and without amendment were measured. The results showed that hydrochar improved the soil water retention capability as the smaller hydrochar particles filled the soil pores with diameters larger than 290 mu m. Compared with the increase in air-entry value made by H-180, the one made by H-240 was more substantial as this type of hydrochar altered the soil pores to be smaller in size. Hydrochar also increased the hydraulic conductivity of the soil by half to one order of magnitude due to the increase in the throat frequency and the presence of hydrochar intra-pores. One exception was the amendment by H-180 at fH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f}_{{\text{H}}}$$\end{document} of 2.5%, wherein the HCF was reduced due to pore clogging at throat diameters less than 90 mu m and more than 250 mu m. Finally, amending the soil with either H-180 or H-240 at fH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f}_{{\text{H}}}$$\end{document} of 5% always improved the WRC and HCF, thereby benefiting plant water uptake.