Regional integrated assessment of climate change impact on cotton production in a semi-arid environment

Climate change has a negative impact on the productivity of agricultural crops at local, regional and global levels. Foodstuff security and sustainable livelihood of cotton farmers in the core cotton growing region in Punjab, Pakistan is under threat because of decreased yield due to climate change. The quantification of the integrated impact assessment of climate change for developing adaptation approaches for cotton is vital for improving productivity at a regional level and improving food security at a national level. Two crop models were evaluated with on-farm survey data of 165 farms employing stratified random sampling techniques. Representative agricultural pathways (RAPs) were developed for characterizing future cotton production. Global climate models (GCMs) depicted a rise of 3.6 and 4.3 degrees C for maximum and minimum temperature, respectively, along with a decreased in rainfall of 600 mm under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. The expected temperature rise for the hot-dry climate would cause a reduction in productivity of 35.3 and 39.2% by mid-century for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, according to the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model, while the Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) showed a reduction of 51.1 and 59.6%, respectively. Increases under the current adaptation of a 15% increase in each of nitrogen and planting density ranged from 1.1 to 6.3% for DSSAT and 2.6 to 8.2% for APSIM. Climate-adapted cotton productivity was projected to rise from 18.7 to 35.9% for DSSAT and from 13.8 to 42% for APSIM for all GCMs. Results showed that current and future cotton systems are adversely impacted by climate change; however, climate-change-adapted management approaches could offset possible reductions in productivity. Sustained cotton productivity in the core cotton zone requires capacity building amongst farmers, enabling them to improve their crop management in the face of seasonal climate variability and future climate change.